{"id":10635,"date":"2024-03-08T06:50:51","date_gmt":"2024-03-08T06:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.keatschinese.com\/?p=10635"},"modified":"2024-03-14T00:52:01","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T00:52:01","slug":"toto-je-cina-tohle-je-cina-zakladni-aspekty-cinske-kultury","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.keatschinese.com\/cs\/toto-je-cina-tohle-je-cina-zakladni-aspekty-cinske-kultury\/","title":{"rendered":"Toto je \u010c\u00edna: Tohle je \u010c\u00edna: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aspekty \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 kultury"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie<\/h3>\n

\u010c\u00edna je jednou ze \u010dty\u0159 velk\u00fdch starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed a jej\u00ed historie je dlouh\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 000 let. Jej\u00ed prvn\u00ed dynastie, dynastie Sia (asi 2070 p\u0159. n. l. – 1600 p\u0159. n. l.), vznikla p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 4 100 lety. Pro\u0161la n\u011bkolika historick\u00fdmi etapami: primitivn\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed, otrok\u00e1\u0159skou spole\u010dnost\u00ed, feud\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed a polokoloni\u00e1ln\u00ed a polofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed, ne\u017e byla 1. \u0159\u00edjna 1949 zalo\u017eena \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 republika. Pokud se chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce podrobnost\u00ed o historii \u010c\u00edny , Keats v\u00e1m nab\u00edz\u00ed blog.<\/p>\n

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Obyvatelstvo<\/h3>\n

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\u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det obyvatel na sv\u011bt\u011b. Podle statistik byl po\u010det obyvatel \u010c\u00edny 1,395 miliardy na konci roku 2018. Po\u010det obyvatel \u010c\u00edny je velmi nerovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een. V\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblast je hust\u011b os\u00eddlena a z\u00e1padn\u00ed oblast n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny je os\u00eddlena \u0159\u00eddce. Hustota zalidn\u011bn\u00ed dosahuje v n\u011bkter\u00fdch provinci\u00edch, jako je \u0164iang-su, \u0160an-tung a Tchaj-wan, v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 osob na kilometr \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00ed, zat\u00edmco v provinci\u00edch a autonomn\u00edch oblastech, jako je Vnit\u0159n\u00ed Mongolsko, Sin-\u0165iang, \u010cching-chaj a Tibet, je m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 50 osob na kilometr \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Velikost<\/h3>\n

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\u010c\u00edna, kter\u00e1 se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na plo\u0161e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9,6 milionu kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch, je po Rusku a Kanad\u011b t\u0159et\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed sv\u011bta. \u010c\u00edna m\u011b\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 500 km ve sm\u011bru sever-jih a 5 200 km ve sm\u011bru v\u00fdchod-z\u00e1pad – nejsevern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bod \u010c\u00edny se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve st\u0159edu hlavn\u00edho plavebn\u00edho kan\u00e1lu \u0159eky Heilongjiang, severn\u011b od okresu Mohe, a nejji\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bod je v Zengmu’ansha na ostrovech Nansha; nejv\u00fdchodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bod je na soutoku st\u0159edn\u00edch lini\u00ed hlavn\u00edch plavebn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f \u0159eky Heilongjiang a \u0159eky Wusuli a nejz\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bod je na Pam\u00edru. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b je n\u011bkolik n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch m\u011bst, kde se m\u016f\u017eete u\u010dit \u010d\u00ednsky.<\/p>\n

Etnick\u00e9 skupiny a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/h3>\n

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\u010c\u00edna je velk\u00fd, jednotn\u00fd mnohon\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 56 etnick\u00fdch skupin. N\u011bkter\u00e9 etnick\u00e9 men\u0161iny skupin m\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e jeden milion obyvatel. Jsou to \u010cuangov\u00e9, Chuejov\u00e9, Ujgurov\u00e9, Iov\u00e9, Miaov\u00e9, Mand\u017euov\u00e9, Mongolov\u00e9, Tibe\u0165an\u00e9, Tud\u017eijov\u00e9, Bujjov\u00e9, Korejci atd. \u010c\u00edna respektuje a chr\u00e1n\u00ed svobodu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed buddhismus, taoismus, isl\u00e1m, katolicismus, k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed (protestantismus) atd.<\/p>\n

Jazyk a psan\u00ed<\/h3>\n

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\u010c\u00edn\u0161tina je jazykem Chan\u016f a spole\u010dn\u00fdm jazykem modern\u00edch Chan\u016f je \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina putonghua (mandar\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina), kter\u00e1 je univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm a \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem \u010c\u00edny. Zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 znaky jsou univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm a \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem \u010c\u00edny. Pokud se chcete nau\u010dit \u010d\u00ednsky v \u010c\u00edn\u011b , Keats, slavn\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 jazykov\u00e1 \u0161kola zalo\u017een\u00e1 v roce 2004, by m\u011bla b\u00fdt va\u0161\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed volbou. Vzhledem k historick\u00fdm a geografick\u00fdm faktor\u016fm existuje v \u010d\u00edn\u0161tin\u011b cel\u00e1 \u0159ada dialekt\u016f. Dialekty se region\u00e1ln\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi nimi spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdslovnosti, i kdy\u017e existuje n\u011bkolik rozd\u00edl\u016f ve slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sob\u011b a gramatice. P\u0159esto je spisovn\u00fd jazyk jednotn\u00fd. Sedm hlavn\u00edch dialekt\u016f modern\u00edho \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho jazyka je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch: severn\u00ed dialekt, dialekt Wu, dialekt Xiang, dialekt Gan, dialekt Hakka, dialekt Min a kantonsk\u00fd dialekt. P\u0159esto\u017ee v \u010c\u00edn\u011b existuj\u00ed mangsk\u00e9 dialekty, mandar\u00edn\u0161tina je st\u00e1le nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dialektem. Na blogu Keats se m\u016f\u017eete nau\u010dit mluvit mandar\u00ednsky za 30 dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Spr\u00e1vn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed<\/h3>\n

\u010c\u00edna se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 34 provin\u010dn\u00edch spr\u00e1vn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, z toho 23 provinci\u00ed, p\u011bti autonomn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, \u010dty\u0159 obc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b a dvou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch spr\u00e1vn\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Mezi t\u011bmito 34 provinciemi v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed m\u00edst, kam m\u016f\u017eete cestovat.<\/p>\n

Ter\u00e9n<\/h3>\n

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Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 a rozmanit\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed zahrnuje roviny, podh\u016f\u0159\u00ed, n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny a p\u00e1nve. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 zem\u011b kles\u00e1 od z\u00e1padu k v\u00fdchodu ve t\u0159ech stupn\u00edch. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm m\u00edstem je \u010cchinghajsko-tibetsk\u00e1 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina s pr\u016fm\u011brnou nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou p\u0159es 4 000 metr\u016f, kter\u00e1 je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako „st\u0159echa sv\u011bta“. Hora \u010comolangma, vrchol Him\u00e1laje, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm vrcholem Zem\u011b, dosahuje v\u00fd\u0161ky 8 848,86 m n. m. V hor\u00e1ch se nach\u00e1z\u00ed i nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vrchol sv\u011bta. Jak\u00e1 \u00fa\u017easn\u00e1 m\u00edsta m\u016f\u017eete mezi tak rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm ter\u00e9nem nav\u0161t\u00edvit?<\/p>\n

Klima<\/h3>\n

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V\u011bt\u0161ina \u010c\u00edny se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v m\u00edrn\u00e9m a subtropick\u00e9m p\u00e1smu. N\u011bkter\u00e9 oblasti na jihu se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v tropick\u00e9m p\u00e1smu, zat\u00edmco ty na severu jsou bl\u00edzko chladn\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma. Na \u010cching-chajsko-tibetsk\u00e9 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b panuje n\u00e1horn\u00ed klima. Kunming m\u00e1 jedno z nejlep\u0161\u00edch podneb\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. V zim\u011b zde nen\u00ed ani p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 horko, ani p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 chladno. Pokud tedy uva\u017eujete o studiu \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, je studium \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny v Kunmingu skv\u011blou volbou.<\/p>\n

Oblasti \u010c\u00edny od jihov\u00fdchodu po severoz\u00e1pad lze rozd\u011blit do \u010dty\u0159 r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f podle \u00farovn\u011b vlhkosti, a to na vlhk\u00e9, subhumidn\u00ed, subaridn\u00ed a aridn\u00ed. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech \u010c\u00edny zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed a postupn\u011b kles\u00e1 od jihov\u00fdchodu k severoz\u00e1padu. V jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edch pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch oblastech m\u016f\u017ee dosahovat v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 500 mm, zat\u00edmco ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b severoz\u00e1padn\u00edch vnitrozemsk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 200 mm.<\/p>\n

\u0158eky, jezera a mo\u0159e<\/h3>\n

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V \u010c\u00edn\u011b je velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u0159ek, z nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 jsou dlouh\u00e9. \u0158eka \u010cchang-\u0165iang (Jang-c‘-\u0165iang) je s d\u00e9lkou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6 397 kilometr\u016f nejdel\u0161\u00ed \u0159ekou \u010c\u00edny a t\u0159et\u00ed nejdel\u0161\u00ed \u0159ekou sv\u011bta. \u017dlut\u00e1 \u0159eka je s d\u00e9lkou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 464 kilometr\u016f druhou nejdel\u0161\u00ed \u0159ekou v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Povod\u00ed \u017dlut\u00e9 \u0159eky bylo v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm m\u00edstem zrodu starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 civilizace a je ozna\u010dov\u00e1no za kol\u00e9bku \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda, proto je \u010c\u00ed\u0148any uct\u00edv\u00e1na jako „Matka \u0159eka“. Slavn\u00fd Velk\u00fd kan\u00e1l z Pekingu do Chang-\u010dou je se svou d\u00e9lkou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1797 kilometr\u016f nejdel\u0161\u00edm starov\u011bk\u00fdm kan\u00e1lem a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm projektem sv\u00e9ho druhu na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

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V \u010c\u00edn\u011b je tak\u00e9 mnoho jezer. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm sladkovodn\u00edm jezerem je jezero Poyang s rozlohou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 150 km2 p\u0159i pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hladin\u011b vody Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm jezerem se slanou vodou je jezero Qinghai, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 rozlohu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4 583 km2. Krom\u011b t\u011bchto rozmanit\u00fdch \u0159ek a jezer existuje je\u0161t\u011b mnoho kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch destinac\u00ed, kam se m\u016f\u017eete vydat. Pokud chcete naj\u00edt nejlep\u0161\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 m\u011bsto pro u\u010den\u00ed \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny, je pro v\u00e1s nejlep\u0161\u00ed volbou u\u010dit se \u010d\u00ednsky v Kunmingu . pro v\u00edce informac\u00ed si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout tento blog.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed vody od severu k jihu se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Bohajsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e (uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v Bohajsk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu), \u017dlut\u00e9 mo\u0159e, V\u00fdchodn\u00ed mo\u0159e a Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e.<\/p>\n

V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee:<\/p>\n

St\u00e1tn\u00ed vlajkou \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky je rud\u00e1 vlajka s p\u011bti hv\u011bzdami. Vlajka je obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1, pom\u011br d\u00e9lky a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky je t\u0159i ku dv\u011bma. P\u011bt hv\u011bzd a jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd vztah p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed velkou jednotu \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho lidu v\u0161ech etnick\u00fdch skupin pod veden\u00edm Komunistick\u00e9 strany \u010c\u00edny.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed informace:<\/p>\n

D\u016fsledek slova „\u010c\u00edna“<\/p>\n

Ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b byl v\u00fdznam slova „\u56fd“ (gu\u00f3) „st\u00e1t“ a „\u4e2d\u56fd“ (Zh\u00f6nggu\u00f3) znamenalo „centr\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1t“. „Zhonghua“ a „Huaxia“ se v historii pou\u017e\u00edvaly tak\u00e9 pro ozna\u010den\u00ed \u010c\u00edny. Dnes se jako \u010c\u00edna pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zkr\u00e1cen\u00fd tvar \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 republika.<\/p>\n

Jedna zem\u011b, dva syst\u00e9my<\/h3>\n

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Koncept „jedna zem\u011b, dva syst\u00e9my“ je \u00fastavn\u00ed princip, kter\u00fd formuloval Deng Xiaoping pro sjednocen\u00ed \u010c\u00edny. Nejprve byla navr\u017eena pro \u00fa\u010dely \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tchajwansk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a pot\u00e9 byla p\u0159ijata pro n\u00e1vrat Hongkongu a Macaa do \u010c\u00edny.<\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00ed oblasti<\/p>\n

V \u010c\u00edn\u011b nyn\u00ed existuj\u00ed dv\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00ed oblasti, a to zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00ed oblast Hongkong a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00ed oblast Macao, kter\u00e9 byly zalo\u017eeny 1. \u010dervence 1997, respektive 20. prosince 1999.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie \u010c\u00edna je jednou ze \u010dty\u0159 velk\u00fdch starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed a jej\u00ed historie je dlouh\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 000 let. Jej\u00ed prvn\u00ed dynastie, dynastie Sia (asi 2070 p\u0159. n. l. – 1600 p\u0159. n. l.), vznikla..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10421,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2326],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nToto je \u010c\u00edna: Tohle je \u010c\u00edna: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aspekty \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 kultury | Keats School Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.keatschinese.com\/cs\/toto-je-cina-tohle-je-cina-zakladni-aspekty-cinske-kultury\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Toto je \u010c\u00edna: Tohle je \u010c\u00edna: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aspekty \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 kultury\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie \u010c\u00edna je jednou ze \u010dty\u0159 velk\u00fdch starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed a jej\u00ed historie je dlouh\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 000 let. 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